quinta-feira, 15 de dezembro de 2022

#REMEMBERING THE AUGUST VICTORY OF THE MARCH 1964 REVOLUTION - AND THIRD A PARALLEL WITH THE REAL BRAZILIAN SPRING - OCTOBER 30, 2022 / #RECORDANDO LA AUGUSTA VICTORIA DE AGOSTO DE LA REVOLUCIÓN DE MARZO DE 1964 - Y TERCENDO PARALELA A LA VERDADERA PRIMAVERA BRASILEÑA - 30 DE OCTUBRE DE 2022

SEE MORE DETAILS BELOW



 #REMEMBERING THE AUGUST VICTORY OF THE MARCH 1964 REVOLUTION - AND THIRD A PARALLEL WITH THE REAL BRAZILIAN SPRING - OCTOBER 30, 2022 

==//==

#RECORDANDO LA AUGUSTA VICTORIA DE AGOSTO DE LA REVOLUCIÓN DE MARZO DE 1964 - Y TERCENDO PARALELA A LA VERDADERA PRIMAVERA BRASILEÑA - 30 DE OCTUBRE DE 2022 

==//==

#REMORANDO A AUGUSTA VITORIA DA REVOLUÇAO DE MARCO DE 1964 - E TERCENDO UM PARALELO COM A REAL PRIMAVERA BRASILEIRA - 30 DE OUTUBRO DE 2022 

COMMENT 

The risk of moral annihilation in view of the seriousness in which the Brazilian Nation finds itself in the face of the totalitarian ideologies of scientific socialism and communism. That is, if the Glorious and Tenacious Brazilian Armed Forces that have been the Guardians of National Sovereignty and Territory, if they bow to the iniquity and villainy of the electoral process that was found to be riddled with lawfulness from beginning to end. Against all these outrages to the Dignity of the Brazilian People, we have risen since October 30, 2022 (Second Round of the Elections) with vigor, courage and determination with Movements of Patriots in front of the Barracks in a peaceful and orderly manner. 


SOURCE/LINK: https://walta.net.au/2020/04/02/31st-march-1964-the-day-the-brazilian-army-saved-brazil/

31st March 1964: The Day the Brazilian Army Saved Brazil

April 2, 2020 Augusto ZimmermannFeatures 



COMENTARIO


El riesgo de aniquilamiento moral frente a la gravedad en que se encuentra la Nación brasileña frente a las ideologías totalitarias del socialismo científico y del comunismo. Es decir, si las Gloriosas y Tenaces Fuerzas Armadas Brasileñas que han sido Guardianas de la Soberanía Nacional y del Territorio, si se doblegan ante la iniquidad y villanía del proceso electoral que se encontró plagado de legalidad de principio a fin. Contra todos estos ultrajes a la Dignidad del Pueblo Brasileño, nos levantamos desde el 30 de octubre de 2022 (Segunda Vuelta de las Elecciones) con vigor, coraje y determinación con Movimientos de Patriotas frente a los Cuarteles de manera pacífica y ordenada. 

==//==

COMENTÁRIO

O risco do aniquilamento moral diante da gravidade em que se encontra a Nação Brasileira em face das ideologias totalitárias do socialismo científico e do comunismo. Ou seja, se as Gloriosas e Tenazes Forças Armadas Brasileiras que têm sido as Guardiãs da Soberania e Território Nacionais, se elas se curvarem a iniquidade e vilania do processo eleitoral que se verificou eivado de licitude do começo ao fim. Contra todos esses ultrajes à  Dignidade de Povo Brasileiro nos insurgimos desde o dia 30 de outubro de 2022 (Segundo Turno das Eleições) com vigor coragem e determinação com Movimentos de Patriotas em Frente os Quarteis de forma pacífica e ordeira. 

==//==

SOURCE/LINK: https://walta.net.au/2020/04/02/31st-march-1964-the-day-the-brazilian-army-saved-brazil/

31st March 1964: The Day the Brazilian Army Saved Brazil

April 2, 2020 Augusto ZimmermannFeatures 

As Brazilians rightly celebrate the 56th anniversary of the military intervention that saved their country from a communist takeover, which would result in the inevitable loss of countless innocent lives, I think it is most appropriate to explain the context by which the army officers were called by the people to depose a highly unpopular, leftist political ruler. What follows is an account of the most important events surrounding that momentous event in the constitutional history of Brazil.     

During World War II the country’s participation in that war brought about demands for its democratisation. It was indeed a great contradiction to be governed by an authoritarian regime bearing some similarities to those the Brazilians helped defeat on the old continent. Many started questioning why Brazilian soldiers had gone to Europe to fight against fascism when it had a political regime at home that was not too dissimilar. An October 1943 manifesto, signed by ninety personalities of Minas Gerais, declared:

If we are fighting against fascism on the side of the United Nations, so that liberty and democracy may be restored to all people, certainly we are not asking too much in demanding for ourselves such rights and guarantees.

Under such pressure, Brazil’s dictator Getulio Vargas attached, in February 1945, an amendment to the Charter of 1937. In doing so, he signalled the intention to relinquish power by announcing democratic elections for president and members of National Congress. He also announced the advent of elections for state governors and state legislative assemblies, and later, in April 1945, he also freed political prisoners.

But Vargas ended up being ousted on 29 October 1945, in a military manoeuvre carried out without bloodshed or social reaction. The action took place four days after Vargas nominated his bad-tempered brother Benjamin Vargas as Chief-Police of the Federal District (Rio de Janeiro). The strategy did not work as Vargas had hoped, and he was subsequently forced to resign by his own minister of war, General Góes Monteiro.  Even though he was ousted by the army officers, Vargas described himself as a victim of ‘foreign finance groups’ who had conspired with the opposition to restore ‘old liberal capitalist democracy’. But in reality, as the American historian Thomas Skidmore explains:

The dictator was sent from office not by the power of the civilian opposition, but by decision of the Army command. It was not, therefore, a victory earned by the political influence of the liberal constitutionalists.

With the end of President Vargas’ Estado Novo, special legislation from November 1945 conferred on both houses of National Congress the power to meet jointly in Assembléia Constituinte (Constituent Assembly). Elections for the constituent assembly were held in December 1945, and its elected members started the draft of the new constitution in February 1946. The final result was a Constitution that provided for democratic elections, protection of basic human rights, judicial independence, and restriction of federal intervention in state affairs. Moreover, the legislature recovered its legislative supremacy over the executive, and the right to vote was granted to all Brazilians of both sexes from the age of 18, with the exception of the illiterate or those enlisted in the armed forces.  

Brazil’s President Jair Bolsonaro holds a banner celebrating the anniversary 

Because the 1946 Constitution prohibited the functioning of undemocratic parties, a May 1947 decision of the Supreme Court (STF) outlawed the Communist Party of Brazil (Partido Comunista do Brasil – PCB). After all, their communist leader, Luiz Carlos Prestes, had publicly described the constitutional order as illegitimate, and a mere product of ‘bourgeois democracy’. He had once publically stated that that the Communist Party would enthusiastically support the Soviet Union in the eventual advent of war against Brazil.

The suicide of President Vargas in 1954 was a hard test for the newly established democratic system. Elected by the people in 1950 as their new president, the former dictator encountered many difficulties to rule as a democratic leader. He obviously lacked the necessary ability to govern under the rule of law. He soon entered into direct conflict with the members of National Congress, who weren’t always keen to obey everything he wished. On at least one occasion, Vargas lost his patience and warned the Congress about the day in which the masses would ‘take the law into their own hands’.

Vargas’ administration at that time was accused of widespread corruption, public graft, embezzlement and illicit gains. His end became imminent following the failed attempt of his cronies, on 5 August 1954, to kill the Governor of Rio de Janeiro, the outspoken journalist Carlos Lacerda. Lacerda was only slightly wounded but Air Force Major Rubens Vaz, who was walking with him, was killed. It was soon found that the President’s bodyguard, Climério de Almeida, was directly responsible for the crime. He confessed under interrogation that Lutero Vargas, President Vargas’s son, had ordered the assassination attempt of Governor Lacerda. It was further revealed that Almeida had been paid to do the “job” by the chief of the presidential guard, Gregório Fortunato.

Under such circumstances President Vargas had no option but to offer a letter of resignation. And yet, he did so in a most unexpected way, by committing suicide on August 24, 1954. In so doing, Vargas left behind a letter describing himself as ‘a victim of a subterranean campaign of international groups joined with national interests, revolting against the regime of workers’ guarantees’. The suicide led to a wave of violent actions against his political adversaries and on foreign properties. It conveniently transformed Vargas into a sort of patriotic martyr for far too many people.

In having no direct links with Vargas, the 1960 election of Jânio Quadros was seen as a possible rupture within his legacy. Quadros, however, was a populist who sometimes appeared to regard the rule of law as an undesirable obstacle to his own exercise of power. Indeed, the doctrine of separation of powers between legislative and executive was not entirely appreciated by him, which caused an inevitable clash between the impulsive President and the federal legislative.  

On 25 August 1961, President Quadros stunned the entire nation by offering his letter of resignation. Apparently he wished to provoke an institutional crisis which he hoped could cause a popular reaction and demand for his return to office; this time ruling as a populist dictator. Quadros rationalised that Brazilians wanted a ‘stronger’ government, and that governing together with the legislative was not necessarily conducive of such an objective. His artifice, however, proved an absolute failure and he never returned to power.

When President Quadros offered his resignation, his vice-president João Goulart was serving in a diplomatic mission in communist China. Goulart had been Vargas’ labour minister, in 1953. He was a close friend of Argentina’s fascist leader Juan Domingo Perón, whose authoritarian regime relied particularly on trade-union support. Elected as vice-president with no more than 34 percent of the valid votes, Goulart did not have the support of the majority of Brazilians. Besides, he was an anathema to the business sector and to the majority of army leaders. Congressmen then decided, on 3 September 1961, to establish a parliamentary system by amending the 1946 Constitution.

While President Goulart was fighting to restore presidential power, his first year of government was relatively peaceful and stable. After the popular plebiscite of 1963 went on to re-establish the presidential system, Goulart felt more comfortable to develop closer diplomatic ties with communist regimes, in particular China, Cuba and the Soviet Union. Indeed, so confident he suddenly became that Goulart even told U.S. ambassador Lincoln Gordon, in 1962, that the parliament had lost popular support and so he could ‘arouse people overnight to shut it down’.

What is more, President Goulart notoriously supported the Pro-Castro agrarian movement called Ligas Camponesas, in the north-eastern region of Brazil. This organisation not only handed out millions of Mao Tse-Tung’s essays on guerrilla tactics, but it was found also that two of its farms bought with money sent by Fidel Castro were being used as training centres for guerrilla warfare. The radicalisation process was so significant that, in 1963, an American communist visiting Brazil reported that ‘potential Fidel Castros’ were already seizing the lands. ‘With conditions getting worse’, he argued, ‘the final result will be a dictatorship of the Left, as in Cuba’.

Indeed, sociologist Gilberto Freyre argued in 1963 that Brazil was effectively experiencing a ‘state of revolutionary ferment, on the verge of becoming the new China of the West’. Alfred Stepan, who was government professor at Columbia University and later the director of its Center for the Study of Democracy, agreed with him. As noted by Stepan, the 1959 Cuban Revolution had the undesirable effect of reinforcing the undemocratic nature of the Left and its ideological commitment to the use of violence as a valid political weapon. ‘In the already turbulent Brazilian situation’, Stepan stated: 

The effect of the Cuban revolution on the civilian left was to increase their belief in the efficacy of the tactics of violence. At the least, it helped sweep up the radical nationalists in the rhetoric of a Cuban-style revolution. Catholic student activists (Ação Popular) entered into electoral coalitions with Communist students after 1959, and looked to Cuba as a revolutionary model. Peasants leagues invaded the land in the northeast, and President Goulart’s brother-in-law, Leonel Brizola, urged the formation of revolutionary cell of eleven armed men (the grupos de onze).

The communist leaders of the Soviet Union were deeply interested in that particular development. In February 1964, Soviet Premier Nikita Kruschev convened the leader of the Brazilian Communist Party, Luis Carlos Prestes, for an official briefing at the Kremlin. Prestes told him about the ‘great prestige’ enjoyed by the communists in the Goulart administration. When invited to speak at the Soviet Supreme, he stated that anyone who dared to resist the advance of communism in Brazil would have their heads cut off. So confident he was of the country’s communist future that the community party’s printshop in São Paulo was already printing large supplies of postage stamps, pamphlets, and bank notes displaying the portraits of Lenin, Stalin and Prestes himself.

On 3 October 1963, President Goulart requested the approval of the federal legislative for martial law, allegedly to fight against subversion. Had it been granted, such measures would allow the President to confiscate farms and private companies. The decision was delayed and, knowing it eventually would be rejected, Goulart, himself, withdrew the request a few days later.

By the end of that year, however, the parliament remained in extraordinary session over the Christmas break, fearing that Goulart could decree martial law while its was in recess. Meanwhile, his brother-in-law, Leonel Brizola, demanded the dissolution of Congress, to be replaced by a ‘popular assembly’ consisting of ‘workers and peasants’. In September 1963, Brizola declared to law students at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro:

If the democracy we enjoy continues to be used as a screen for laws concealing the plunder of our people, we solemnly declare: We reject such a [democratic] system as an instrument of oppression and domination of our native land, and we shall use the methods of struggle at our disposal.

In his January 1964 Presidential Address delivered at the National Congress, Goulart warned that a ‘bloody convulsion’ would take place if the parliamentarians dared not approve the unconstitutional reforms desired by him. On 13 March 1964, Goulart went even further and promised supporters attending a rally at the Central Railroad Station of Rio de Janeiro that he would carry out confiscation of land and private companies with or without parliamentary approval.  

Surely he could not carry out any such measures, because they required amendment to the Constitution and the majority in both houses of Congress were fiercely against them. Still, Goulart promised to modify ‘institutional methods’ to make them happen. Speaking on behalf of his brother-in-law, Leonel Brizola declared that the presidency no longer recognised Congress as the nation’s legislative body. According to Phyllis R. Parker, the author of  ‘Brazil and the Quiet Intervention’,  

His inflammatory discourse dramatically called for throwing out the Congress and for holding a plebiscite to install a Constitutional Assembly with a view to creating a popular congress made up of labourers, peasants, sergeants, and nationalist officers, and (sic) authentic men of the people.  

The rally of March 13th broached such prospects as repealing the Brazilian Constitution and closing down the National Congress. After that the army officers started to strongly suspect that President Goulart would attempt to introduce unconstitutional reforms, by pressuring or even closing down the federal parliament. In other words, they became more fully convinced that Goulart was planning to stay in power and to rule as a populist dictator. There was no doubt that he was effectively seeking to establish a left-wing dictatorship.

Brazilian people March on the streets of Rio

However, surveys carried out in early 1964 indicated that just 15% of the population supported the leftist President. On March 19, 1964, São Paulo city held the Marcha da Família com Deus pela Liberdade (March of the Family with God for Freedom), a massive rally of one million people who opposed President Goulart. Organisers described the event as an effort to protect Brazilians from the fate and suffering of the martyred people of Cuba, Poland, Hungary and other enslaved nations. A few days later, a second rally brought 150,000 people took the streets of Santos, another important city in São Paulo state.

In September 1963, President Goulart refused to condemn a mutiny of sergeants, believing his government could neutralize army generals who were more actively opposed to him. He also refused, on 26 March 1964, to punish another mutiny carried out by marines who refused to cease political activities and return to their duties. In fact, the President even went so far as to dismiss the Navy Minister, who attempted to quell the revolt. An editorial of the daily Jornal do Brasil reported:

The rule of law has submerged in Brazil… Only those who retain power of acting to re-establish the rule of law remain effectively legitimate… The armed forces were all – we repeat, all – wounded in what is most essential to them: the fundamentals of authority, hierarchy, and discipline… This is not the hour for indifference, especially on the part of the army, which has the power to prevent worse ills… The hour of resistance by all has now arrived.

The naval mutiny brought about a common view among the army officers that now Goulart had gone too far. Many of those army leaders were initially opposed to any extraordinary step, but now it was the President’s sanctioning of military indiscipline that forced them to change their minds. They began to suddenly realise that if the supreme executive authority refuses to obey the law, he then automatically loses the right to be obeyed because his own authority emanates from the Constitution.

Furthermore, the armed forces were compelled by Article 177 of the 1946 Brazilian Constitution to defend the country and to guarantee the constitutional powers, law, and order.  Eventually, on 20 March 1964, the governor of Minas Gerais, Magalhães Pinto, appeared on television to state that he would resist any attempt by the President to arbitrarily dissolve the Congress. Similarly, the governor of São Paulo, Adhemar de Barros, also went on television to declare that his state would follow Minas Gerais and resist any ‘self-coup’ from Goulart.

The army intervention that finally deposed President Goulart began with a radio proclamation, on 31 March 1964. General Olimpio Mourão, the commander of the 4th Military Region based in Minas Gerais, accused the President of providing communists with ‘the power to hire and fire ministers, generals, and high officials, seeking this way to undermine true democratic institutions’. The ‘masses’, in whose name Goulart so often spoke, were nowhere to be found. Instead, when Goulart was sent into exile to Uruguay, on 1 April 1964, millions packed the streets of the major cities to celebrate his overthrow. And even the Brazilian Bar Association manifested itself in favour of such intervention, acknowledging the failure of Goulart to respect democracy and the rule of law.

Although the left in Brazil consoled itself by blaming external forces for President Goulart’s overthrow, in particular the United States, this actually required no outside aid. In fact, there was a massive popular support for his overthrown by the army leadership. Such support was substantially bigger than any scattered effort to save an utterly demoralised President. For those who lived in the country at that time, it really seemed as if the only three possible alternatives were military intervention, communist rule, or total anarchy.  Brazilians then wisely opted for the first option. This is how the 20-year period of military government in Brazil started, but that’s another story.  

Dr Augusto Zimmermann PhD (Mon.), LLM cum laude (PUC-Rio), LLB (PUC-Rio), DipEd, CertIntArb is Head and Professor of Law at Sheridan College in Perth, Western Australia, and Professor of Law (Adjunct) at the University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney campus. He is also President of the Western Australian Legal Theory Association (WALTA), Editor-in-Chief of the Western Australian Jurist law journal, and a former Commissioner with the Law Reform Commission of Western Australia (2012-2017). Dr Zimmermann is also the recipient of the Vice-Chancellor’s Award for Excellence in Research, Murdoch University (2012). He is the author of numerous Brazilian law books and articles, including ‘Direito Constitucional Brasileiro’ (Lumen Juris, 2014) a 1,000 page, two-volume book on Brazilian constitutional law co-authored by Fabio Condeixa.

australiacourtjurisprudencelawlegallegal theory 

Post navigation

Bolsonaro’s Heroic Fight Against the Ruling Political Elites in Brazil

Call for Papers: Protecting Fundamental Rights in the Age of Covid-19

Recent Posts

    • New Book: Wokeshevism Critical Theories and the Tyrant Left 

    • Releasing February 2023: Foundations of the Australian Legal System – History, Theory and Practice 

    • Report on the Fairness and Transparency of the Brazilian Presidential Elections of October 2022 

    • Event: Building the Digital Prison 

    • Fundraising Dinner: Judicial Review Against WA Vaccine Mandates 

More From Us

    • Editorial Advisory Board 

    • About the WA Jurist 

    • Bookstore 

Contact Us

    • Submit an Academic Article 

    • Join Us 

    • Contact Us 

    • Facebook Page 

Search for:  


RECENT POSTS

    •  New Book: Wokeshevism Critical Theories and the Tyrant Left

    •  Releasing February 2023: Foundations of the Australian Legal System – History, Theory and Practice

    •  Report on the Fairness and Transparency of the Brazilian Presidential Elections of October 2022

    •  Event: Building the Digital Prison

    •  Fundraising Dinner: Judicial Review Against WA Vaccine Mandates

SEE PICTURES










THE END

quarta-feira, 14 de dezembro de 2022

#REMEMBERING THE AUGUST VICTORY OF THE BRAZILIAN ARMED FORCES ON MARCH 31, 1964 AND THE CURRENT MOMENT – THE REAL BRAZILIAN SPRING STARTED ON OCTOBER 30, 2022 / #RECORDANDO LA AUGUSTA VICTORIA DE LAS FUERZAS ARMAS BRASILEÑAS EL 31 DE MARZO DE 1964 Y EL MOMENTO ACTUAL LA REAL PRIMAVERA BRASILEÑA COMENZÓ EL 30 DE OCTUBRE DE 2022



SOURCE/LINK: https://youtu.be/ETqLh6qc174






#REMEMBERING THE AUGUST VICTORY OF THE BRAZILIAN ARMED FORCES ON MARCH 31, 1964 AND THE CURRENT MOMENT – THE REAL BRAZILIAN SPRING STARTED ON OCTOBER 30, 2022

#RECORDANDO LA AUGUSTA VICTORIA DE LAS FUERZAS ARMAS BRASILEÑAS EL 31 DE MARZO DE 1964 Y EL MOMENTO ACTUAL  LA REAL PRIMAVERA BRASILEÑA COMENZÓ EL 30 DE OCTUBRE DE 2022 

==//==

#REMORANDO A AUGUSTA VITÓRIA DAS FORÇAS ARMAS BRASILEIRAS IN 31 DE MARÇO 1964 E O MOMENTO ATUAL – A     REAL PRIMAVERA BRASILEIRA INICIADA  EM 30 DA OUTUBRO DE 2022 

COMMENT 

The risk of moral annihilation in view of the seriousness in which the Brazilian Nation finds itself in the face of the totalitarian ideologies of scientific socialism and communism. That is, if the Glorious and Tenacious Brazilian Armed Forces that have been the Guardians of National Sovereignty and Territory, if they bow to the iniquity and villainy of the electoral process that was found to be riddled with lawfulness from beginning to end. Against all these outrages to the Dignity of the Brazilian People, we have risen since October 30, 2022 (Second Round of the Elections) with vigor, courage and determination with Movements of Patriots in front of the Barracks in a peaceful and orderly manner. 

==//==


COMENTARIO


El riesgo de aniquilamiento moral frente a la gravedad en que se encuentra la Nación brasileña frente a las ideologías totalitarias del socialismo científico y del comunismo. Es decir, si las Gloriosas y Tenaces Fuerzas Armadas Brasileñas que han sido Guardianas de la Soberanía Nacional y del Territorio, si se doblegan ante la iniquidad y villanía del proceso electoral que se encontró plagado de legalidad de principio a fin. Contra todos estos ultrajes a la Dignidad del Pueblo Brasileño, nos levantamos desde el 30 de octubre de 2022 (Segunda Vuelta de las Elecciones) con vigor, coraje y determinación con Movimientos de Patriotas frente a los Cuarteles de manera pacífica y ordenada. 

==//==

COMENTÁRIO

O risco do aniquilamento moral diante da gravidade em que se encontra a Nação Brasileira em face das ideologias totalitárias do socialismo científico e do comunismo. Ou seja, se as Gloriosas e Tenazes Forças Armadas Brasileiras que têm sido as Guardiãs da Soberania e Território Nacionais, se elas se curvarem a iniquidade e vilania do processo eleitoral que se verificou eivado de licitude do começo ao fim. Contra todos esses ultrajes à  Dignidade de Povo Brasileiro nos insurgimos desde o dia 30 de outubro de 2022 (Segundo Turno das Eleições) com vigor coragem e determinação com Movimentos de Patriotas em Frente os Quarteis de forma pacífica e ordeira. 

==//==



SOURCE/LINK: https://walta.net.au/2020/04/02/31st-march-1964-the-day-the-brazilian-army-saved-brazil/

31st March 1964: The Day the Brazilian Army Saved Brazil

April 2, 2020 Augusto ZimmermannFeatures 

As Brazilians rightly celebrate the 56th anniversary of the military intervention that saved their country from a communist takeover, which would result in the inevitable loss of countless innocent lives, I think it is most appropriate to explain the context by which the army officers were called by the people to depose a highly unpopular, leftist political ruler. What follows is an account of the most important events surrounding that momentous event in the constitutional history of Brazil.     

During World War II the country’s participation in that war brought about demands for its democratisation. It was indeed a great contradiction to be governed by an authoritarian regime bearing some similarities to those the Brazilians helped defeat on the old continent. Many started questioning why Brazilian soldiers had gone to Europe to fight against fascism when it had a political regime at home that was not too dissimilar. An October 1943 manifesto, signed by ninety personalities of Minas Gerais, declared:

If we are fighting against fascism on the side of the United Nations, so that liberty and democracy may be restored to all people, certainly we are not asking too much in demanding for ourselves such rights and guarantees.

Under such pressure, Brazil’s dictator Getulio Vargas attached, in February 1945, an amendment to the Charter of 1937. In doing so, he signalled the intention to relinquish power by announcing democratic elections for president and members of National Congress. He also announced the advent of elections for state governors and state legislative assemblies, and later, in April 1945, he also freed political prisoners.

But Vargas ended up being ousted on 29 October 1945, in a military manoeuvre carried out without bloodshed or social reaction. The action took place four days after Vargas nominated his bad-tempered brother Benjamin Vargas as Chief-Police of the Federal District (Rio de Janeiro). The strategy did not work as Vargas had hoped, and he was subsequently forced to resign by his own minister of war, General Góes Monteiro.  Even though he was ousted by the army officers, Vargas described himself as a victim of ‘foreign finance groups’ who had conspired with the opposition to restore ‘old liberal capitalist democracy’. But in reality, as the American historian Thomas Skidmore explains:

The dictator was sent from office not by the power of the civilian opposition, but by decision of the Army command. It was not, therefore, a victory earned by the political influence of the liberal constitutionalists.

With the end of President Vargas’ Estado Novo, special legislation from November 1945 conferred on both houses of National Congress the power to meet jointly in Assembléia Constituinte (Constituent Assembly). Elections for the constituent assembly were held in December 1945, and its elected members started the draft of the new constitution in February 1946. The final result was a Constitution that provided for democratic elections, protection of basic human rights, judicial independence, and restriction of federal intervention in state affairs. Moreover, the legislature recovered its legislative supremacy over the executive, and the right to vote was granted to all Brazilians of both sexes from the age of 18, with the exception of the illiterate or those enlisted in the armed forces.  

Brazil’s President Jair Bolsonaro holds a banner celebrating the anniversary 

Because the 1946 Constitution prohibited the functioning of undemocratic parties, a May 1947 decision of the Supreme Court (STF) outlawed the Communist Party of Brazil (Partido Comunista do Brasil – PCB). After all, their communist leader, Luiz Carlos Prestes, had publicly described the constitutional order as illegitimate, and a mere product of ‘bourgeois democracy’. He had once publically stated that that the Communist Party would enthusiastically support the Soviet Union in the eventual advent of war against Brazil.

The suicide of President Vargas in 1954 was a hard test for the newly established democratic system. Elected by the people in 1950 as their new president, the former dictator encountered many difficulties to rule as a democratic leader. He obviously lacked the necessary ability to govern under the rule of law. He soon entered into direct conflict with the members of National Congress, who weren’t always keen to obey everything he wished. On at least one occasion, Vargas lost his patience and warned the Congress about the day in which the masses would ‘take the law into their own hands’.

Vargas’ administration at that time was accused of widespread corruption, public graft, embezzlement and illicit gains. His end became imminent following the failed attempt of his cronies, on 5 August 1954, to kill the Governor of Rio de Janeiro, the outspoken journalist Carlos Lacerda. Lacerda was only slightly wounded but Air Force Major Rubens Vaz, who was walking with him, was killed. It was soon found that the President’s bodyguard, Climério de Almeida, was directly responsible for the crime. He confessed under interrogation that Lutero Vargas, President Vargas’s son, had ordered the assassination attempt of Governor Lacerda. It was further revealed that Almeida had been paid to do the “job” by the chief of the presidential guard, Gregório Fortunato.

Under such circumstances President Vargas had no option but to offer a letter of resignation. And yet, he did so in a most unexpected way, by committing suicide on August 24, 1954. In so doing, Vargas left behind a letter describing himself as ‘a victim of a subterranean campaign of international groups joined with national interests, revolting against the regime of workers’ guarantees’. The suicide led to a wave of violent actions against his political adversaries and on foreign properties. It conveniently transformed Vargas into a sort of patriotic martyr for far too many people.

In having no direct links with Vargas, the 1960 election of Jânio Quadros was seen as a possible rupture within his legacy. Quadros, however, was a populist who sometimes appeared to regard the rule of law as an undesirable obstacle to his own exercise of power. Indeed, the doctrine of separation of powers between legislative and executive was not entirely appreciated by him, which caused an inevitable clash between the impulsive President and the federal legislative.  

On 25 August 1961, President Quadros stunned the entire nation by offering his letter of resignation. Apparently he wished to provoke an institutional crisis which he hoped could cause a popular reaction and demand for his return to office; this time ruling as a populist dictator. Quadros rationalised that Brazilians wanted a ‘stronger’ government, and that governing together with the legislative was not necessarily conducive of such an objective. His artifice, however, proved an absolute failure and he never returned to power.

When President Quadros offered his resignation, his vice-president João Goulart was serving in a diplomatic mission in communist China. Goulart had been Vargas’ labour minister, in 1953. He was a close friend of Argentina’s fascist leader Juan Domingo Perón, whose authoritarian regime relied particularly on trade-union support. Elected as vice-president with no more than 34 percent of the valid votes, Goulart did not have the support of the majority of Brazilians. Besides, he was an anathema to the business sector and to the majority of army leaders. Congressmen then decided, on 3 September 1961, to establish a parliamentary system by amending the 1946 Constitution.

While President Goulart was fighting to restore presidential power, his first year of government was relatively peaceful and stable. After the popular plebiscite of 1963 went on to re-establish the presidential system, Goulart felt more comfortable to develop closer diplomatic ties with communist regimes, in particular China, Cuba and the Soviet Union. Indeed, so confident he suddenly became that Goulart even told U.S. ambassador Lincoln Gordon, in 1962, that the parliament had lost popular support and so he could ‘arouse people overnight to shut it down’.

What is more, President Goulart notoriously supported the Pro-Castro agrarian movement called Ligas Camponesas, in the north-eastern region of Brazil. This organisation not only handed out millions of Mao Tse-Tung’s essays on guerrilla tactics, but it was found also that two of its farms bought with money sent by Fidel Castro were being used as training centres for guerrilla warfare. The radicalisation process was so significant that, in 1963, an American communist visiting Brazil reported that ‘potential Fidel Castros’ were already seizing the lands. ‘With conditions getting worse’, he argued, ‘the final result will be a dictatorship of the Left, as in Cuba’.

Indeed, sociologist Gilberto Freyre argued in 1963 that Brazil was effectively experiencing a ‘state of revolutionary ferment, on the verge of becoming the new China of the West’. Alfred Stepan, who was government professor at Columbia University and later the director of its Center for the Study of Democracy, agreed with him. As noted by Stepan, the 1959 Cuban Revolution had the undesirable effect of reinforcing the undemocratic nature of the Left and its ideological commitment to the use of violence as a valid political weapon. ‘In the already turbulent Brazilian situation’, Stepan stated: 

The effect of the Cuban revolution on the civilian left was to increase their belief in the efficacy of the tactics of violence. At the least, it helped sweep up the radical nationalists in the rhetoric of a Cuban-style revolution. Catholic student activists (Ação Popular) entered into electoral coalitions with Communist students after 1959, and looked to Cuba as a revolutionary model. Peasants leagues invaded the land in the northeast, and President Goulart’s brother-in-law, Leonel Brizola, urged the formation of revolutionary cell of eleven armed men (the grupos de onze).

The communist leaders of the Soviet Union were deeply interested in that particular development. In February 1964, Soviet Premier Nikita Kruschev convened the leader of the Brazilian Communist Party, Luis Carlos Prestes, for an official briefing at the Kremlin. Prestes told him about the ‘great prestige’ enjoyed by the communists in the Goulart administration. When invited to speak at the Soviet Supreme, he stated that anyone who dared to resist the advance of communism in Brazil would have their heads cut off. So confident he was of the country’s communist future that the community party’s printshop in São Paulo was already printing large supplies of postage stamps, pamphlets, and bank notes displaying the portraits of Lenin, Stalin and Prestes himself.

On 3 October 1963, President Goulart requested the approval of the federal legislative for martial law, allegedly to fight against subversion. Had it been granted, such measures would allow the President to confiscate farms and private companies. The decision was delayed and, knowing it eventually would be rejected, Goulart, himself, withdrew the request a few days later.

By the end of that year, however, the parliament remained in extraordinary session over the Christmas break, fearing that Goulart could decree martial law while its was in recess. Meanwhile, his brother-in-law, Leonel Brizola, demanded the dissolution of Congress, to be replaced by a ‘popular assembly’ consisting of ‘workers and peasants’. In September 1963, Brizola declared to law students at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro:

If the democracy we enjoy continues to be used as a screen for laws concealing the plunder of our people, we solemnly declare: We reject such a [democratic] system as an instrument of oppression and domination of our native land, and we shall use the methods of struggle at our disposal.

In his January 1964 Presidential Address delivered at the National Congress, Goulart warned that a ‘bloody convulsion’ would take place if the parliamentarians dared not approve the unconstitutional reforms desired by him. On 13 March 1964, Goulart went even further and promised supporters attending a rally at the Central Railroad Station of Rio de Janeiro that he would carry out confiscation of land and private companies with or without parliamentary approval.  

Surely he could not carry out any such measures, because they required amendment to the Constitution and the majority in both houses of Congress were fiercely against them. Still, Goulart promised to modify ‘institutional methods’ to make them happen. Speaking on behalf of his brother-in-law, Leonel Brizola declared that the presidency no longer recognised Congress as the nation’s legislative body. According to Phyllis R. Parker, the author of  ‘Brazil and the Quiet Intervention’,  

His inflammatory discourse dramatically called for throwing out the Congress and for holding a plebiscite to install a Constitutional Assembly with a view to creating a popular congress made up of labourers, peasants, sergeants, and nationalist officers, and (sic) authentic men of the people.  

The rally of March 13th broached such prospects as repealing the Brazilian Constitution and closing down the National Congress. After that the army officers started to strongly suspect that President Goulart would attempt to introduce unconstitutional reforms, by pressuring or even closing down the federal parliament. In other words, they became more fully convinced that Goulart was planning to stay in power and to rule as a populist dictator. There was no doubt that he was effectively seeking to establish a left-wing dictatorship.

Brazilian people March on the streets of Rio

However, surveys carried out in early 1964 indicated that just 15% of the population supported the leftist President. On March 19, 1964, São Paulo city held the Marcha da Família com Deus pela Liberdade (March of the Family with God for Freedom), a massive rally of one million people who opposed President Goulart. Organisers described the event as an effort to protect Brazilians from the fate and suffering of the martyred people of Cuba, Poland, Hungary and other enslaved nations. A few days later, a second rally brought 150,000 people took the streets of Santos, another important city in São Paulo state.

In September 1963, President Goulart refused to condemn a mutiny of sergeants, believing his government could neutralize army generals who were more actively opposed to him. He also refused, on 26 March 1964, to punish another mutiny carried out by marines who refused to cease political activities and return to their duties. In fact, the President even went so far as to dismiss the Navy Minister, who attempted to quell the revolt. An editorial of the daily Jornal do Brasil reported:

The rule of law has submerged in Brazil… Only those who retain power of acting to re-establish the rule of law remain effectively legitimate… The armed forces were all – we repeat, all – wounded in what is most essential to them: the fundamentals of authority, hierarchy, and discipline… This is not the hour for indifference, especially on the part of the army, which has the power to prevent worse ills… The hour of resistance by all has now arrived.

The naval mutiny brought about a common view among the army officers that now Goulart had gone too far. Many of those army leaders were initially opposed to any extraordinary step, but now it was the President’s sanctioning of military indiscipline that forced them to change their minds. They began to suddenly realise that if the supreme executive authority refuses to obey the law, he then automatically loses the right to be obeyed because his own authority emanates from the Constitution.

Furthermore, the armed forces were compelled by Article 177 of the 1946 Brazilian Constitution to defend the country and to guarantee the constitutional powers, law, and order.  Eventually, on 20 March 1964, the governor of Minas Gerais, Magalhães Pinto, appeared on television to state that he would resist any attempt by the President to arbitrarily dissolve the Congress. Similarly, the governor of São Paulo, Adhemar de Barros, also went on television to declare that his state would follow Minas Gerais and resist any ‘self-coup’ from Goulart.

The army intervention that finally deposed President Goulart began with a radio proclamation, on 31 March 1964. General Olimpio Mourão, the commander of the 4th Military Region based in Minas Gerais, accused the President of providing communists with ‘the power to hire and fire ministers, generals, and high officials, seeking this way to undermine true democratic institutions’. The ‘masses’, in whose name Goulart so often spoke, were nowhere to be found. Instead, when Goulart was sent into exile to Uruguay, on 1 April 1964, millions packed the streets of the major cities to celebrate his overthrow. And even the Brazilian Bar Association manifested itself in favour of such intervention, acknowledging the failure of Goulart to respect democracy and the rule of law.

Although the left in Brazil consoled itself by blaming external forces for President Goulart’s overthrow, in particular the United States, this actually required no outside aid. In fact, there was a massive popular support for his overthrown by the army leadership. Such support was substantially bigger than any scattered effort to save an utterly demoralised President. For those who lived in the country at that time, it really seemed as if the only three possible alternatives were military intervention, communist rule, or total anarchy.  Brazilians then wisely opted for the first option. This is how the 20-year period of military government in Brazil started, but that’s another story.  

Dr Augusto Zimmermann PhD (Mon.), LLM cum laude (PUC-Rio), LLB (PUC-Rio), DipEd, CertIntArb is Head and Professor of Law at Sheridan College in Perth, Western Australia, and Professor of Law (Adjunct) at the University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney campus. He is also President of the Western Australian Legal Theory Association (WALTA), Editor-in-Chief of the Western Australian Jurist law journal, and a former Commissioner with the Law Reform Commission of Western Australia (2012-2017). Dr Zimmermann is also the recipient of the Vice-Chancellor’s Award for Excellence in Research, Murdoch University (2012). He is the author of numerous Brazilian law books and articles, including ‘Direito Constitucional Brasileiro’ (Lumen Juris, 2014) a 1,000 page, two-volume book on Brazilian constitutional law co-authored by Fabio Condeixa.

australiacourtjurisprudencelawlegallegal theory 

Post navigation

Bolsonaro’s Heroic Fight Against the Ruling Political Elites in Brazil

Call for Papers: Protecting Fundamental Rights in the Age of Covid-19

Recent Posts

    • New Book: Wokeshevism Critical Theories and the Tyrant Left 

    • Releasing February 2023: Foundations of the Australian Legal System – History, Theory and Practice 

    • Report on the Fairness and Transparency of the Brazilian Presidential Elections of October 2022 

    • Event: Building the Digital Prison 

    • Fundraising Dinner: Judicial Review Against WA Vaccine Mandates 

More From Us

    • Editorial Advisory Board 

    • About the WA Jurist 

    • Bookstore 

Contact Us

    • Submit an Academic Article 

    • Join Us 

    • Contact Us 

    • Facebook Page 

Search for:  


RECENT POSTS

==//==

PREZADO(A) PATRIOTA


Adquira sua Caneca e/ou Camisa -  S.O.S. FFAA -  COM GILBERTO (MG/SP)FONEZAP:+55(31)98333-8033 OU JÉSSYCA(CE) PHONEZAP: +55(85)9 8212-8972, ou pelo E-mail ou pessoalmente no Acampamento 12 BI borgesfogm@hotmail.com. 

Com quantidade limitada. 




OBS: ACEITAMOS DOAÇÕES PARA O NOSSO MOVIMENTO PELO 

PIXSOSFFAA: +55(31)9 9383-3338





DEAR BRAZILIAN PATRIOT


 Get your Mug and/or Shirt - S.O.S. FFAA - WITH GILBERTO (MG/SP - BRAZIL) BY PHONEZAP: (31)9 8333-8033 and JESSYCA (CE) PHONEZAP:+55(85)9 8212-8972 , by E-mail or in person at Camp 12 BI: borgesfogm@hotmail.com With limited quantity. 




NOTE: WE ACCEPT DONATIONS FOR OUR MOVEMENT FOR PIXSOSFFAA: +55(31)9 9383-3338 


THE END

 

segunda-feira, 8 de março de 2021

Serviços de alimentação em tempos de coronavírus

#Focused Protection Against Convid-19/#JUST SAY NO TO BRAZILIAN GOVERNERNORS AND MAYORS’ NON PROOVEN SCIENTIFICAND ECONOMIC DEVASTING MEASURES AS LOCKDOWN AGAINST COVID-19 /PROTEÇÃO FOCALIZADA CONTRA CONVID-19

 

#Focused Protection Against Convid-19

SIGN Great Barrington Declaration

#PROTEÇÃO FOCALIZADA CONTRA CONVID-19

#JUST SAY NO TO BRAZILIAN GOVERNERNORS AND MAYORS’ NON PROOVEN SCIENTIFIC AND ECONOMIC DEVASTING MEASURES AS LOCKDOWN AGAINST COVID-19



BRAZILIAN PEOPLE, MAINLY WORKERS, LET’S SIGN THE GREAT BARRINGTON DECLARATION AND IMMEDIATE REQUIRE THE FOCUSED PROTECTION AGAINST CONVID-19 IN BRAZIL AND OTHERS COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD

#DIGA NÃO AS MEDIDAS INCONSTITUCIONAIS, NÃO CIENTIFICAS E DEVASTADORAS DA ECONOMIA DECRETADAS POR GOVERNADORES E PREFEITORES DO BRASIL CONTRA CONID-19



POVO BRASILEIRO, PRINCIPALMENTE TRABALHADORES, VAMOS ASSINAR A DECLARAÇÃO DE BARRINGTON E EXIGIR IMEDIATAMENTE A PROTEÇÃO FOCADA, AO INVÉS DE LOCKDOWN, CONTRA CONVID-19 NO BRASIL E OUTROS PAÍSES DO MUNDO





==//==

#Focused Protection Against Convid-19

#JUST SAY NO TO BRAZILIAN GOVERNERNORS AND MAYORS’, NON SCIENTIFIC PROOVEN AND ECONOMIC DEVASTING MEASURES AS LOCKDOWN AGAINST COVID-19

BRAZILIAN PEOPLE, MAINLY WORKERS, LET’S SIGN THE GREAT BARRINGTON DECLARATION AND IMMEDIATE REQUIRE THE FOCUSED PROTECTION AGAINST CONVID-19 IN BRAZIL AND OTHERS COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD

#PROTEÇÃO FOCALIZADA CONTRA CONVID-19

# SIMPLEMENTE DIGA NÃO AS MEDIDAS CONTRA CONVID-19 AVALIZADAS PELO SUPREMO TRIBUNAL FEDERAL INCONSTITUCIONAIS, COERCITIVAS RESTRITIVAS DA CIRCULAÇÃO DE INDIVÍDUOS LEMBRANDO ESTADO DE EXCEÇÃO, CIENTIFICAMENTE NÃO COMPROVADAS E ECONOMICAMENTE DESASTROSAS/CATASTRÓFICAS TOMADAS POR ALGUNS GOVERNADORES E PREFEITOS BRASILEIROS OPORTUNISTAS POIS COM ESSAS MEDIDAS FOGEM DE SUAS RESPONSABILIDADES, VISANDO DRIBLAR A LEI DE RESPONSABILIDADE FISCAL NO BRASIL E NÃO PRESTAREM CONTA DE QUANTIDADES DE DINHEIRO VULTUOSAS DE MONTANTES REPASSADOS A ELES E QUE SERIAM UTILIZADOS PARA FINS ESPÚRIOS .

POVO BRASILEIRO E DE OUTROS PAÍSES NO MUNDO, PRINCIPALMENTE AQUELE DA CLASSE TRABALHADORA, EMPRESÁRIOS E OUTRO ENVOLVIDOS, VAMOS ASSINAR A DECLARAÇÃO DE BARRINGTON, ELABORADA E APOIOADA POR CEINTISTAS DE RENOME INTERNACIONAL E EXIGIR IMEDIATAMENTE, A REVOGAÇÃO DO FECHAMENTO DA ECONOMIA (LOCKDOWN, A IMPLEMENTAÇÃO EXCLUSIVA PROTEÇÃO FOCADA NO ENFRENTAMENTO DE CONVID-19 NO BRASIL E OUTROS PAÍSES DO MUNDO



Lockdown. Traduzindo: confinamento.

No início do ano de 2020, quando a epidemia começou a tornar-se descontrolada, o Supremo Tribunal Federal O ministro Marco Aurélio, do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), acolheu parte da ação do PDT contra a Medida Provisória (MP) 926/2020. Essa medida provisória restringiu ao governo federal as competências para determinar o que são serviços essenciais e para limitar a circulação interestadual e intermunicipal de pessoas e mercadorias. A Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade (ADI) 6341 apresentada pelo PDT ainda será julgada pelo Plenário do STF. A decisão [de Marco Aurélio] retorna a autoridade aos estados e municípios no combate que todos estão fazendo contra a pandemia de coronavírus — disse o líder do PDT, senador Weverton (MA), nesta terça-feira (24). Ao apresentar a ação, o partido havia apontado inconstitucionalidade em vários trechos da medida provisória. Segundo o PDT, a MP centralizou na União a competência para cuidar da saúde, dirigir o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e executar ações de vigilância sanitária e epidemiológica, o que esvaziaria a responsabilidade constitucional de estados e municípios.

Em sua decisão, Marco Aurélio argumenta que a medida provisória não contraria a Constituição porque não impede a tomada de providências normativas e administrativas por estados, Distrito Federal e municípios. Mas, apesar de não acolher o pedido de nulidade dos dispositivos da MP, o ministro acolheu o pedido para que fique explícita a competência concorrente dos entes federativos (estados, Distrito Federal e municípios) para tomar essas medidas, neste sentido, ampliou as competências dos Estados e Municípios para adotar, sem aval e consulta da União na figura do Executivo Federal, medidas amplas e sem critérios estabelecidos claros, cientificamente questionáveis, com amparo aos direitos fundamentais, que ocasionaram e estão ocasionando graves crises, sejam elas sociais (alarmante numero de desempregados com consequências no aumento da pobreza),  econômicas (“quebradeira” no comércio em escala jamais imaginada), psicológica (confinamento obrigatório de populações inteiras) e mentais (doenças surgidas com a soma de todos os fatores mencionados).

Mas qual o fundamento para decretações de lockdowns? Decisão do Supremo Tribunal Federal? Seria o bastante? Pode-se afirmar que não. Por isso, não é descabido afirmar que há inconstitucionalidade, falta de bom senso quando se fecha a economia sem pensar nas consequências futuras. Há uma farsa e tudo isso? Pode-se dizer que sim.

Dessa forma, faz-se necessário que figuras do mundo jurídico e político, bem como organizações da sociedade civil possam levantar questionamentos sobre a ampliação de poderes dados aos entes municipais e estaduais, que muitas vezes tomam decisões sem nenhum amparo jurídico justificável.

Por outro lado, um posicionamento de epidemiologistas de doenças infeciosas e cientistas da saúde pública, temos sérias preocupações sobre os impactos prejudiciais para a saúde física e mental das políticas prevalecentes da COVID-19, e recomendamos uma abordagem a que chamamos Proteção Focalizada, liiderado por trio americano e britânico, propuseram um Manifesto denominado de A Declaração de Great Barrington, que segue abaixo em português e inglês. defende que jovens devem ser liberados de lockdowns para a "vida normal", forçando imunidade de rebanho; documento foi assinado em centro de pesquisa econômica liberal.

Somos então, porta-vozes desses cientistas e fazemos com que a sociedade brasileira tome conhecimento dele e se acharem que é plausível, coerente e racional façam a gentileza de assinarem no link seguinte: https://gbdeclaration.org/declaracao-de-great-barrington/ e como existe um moivimento irracional, inconstitucional, e pedimos nós cidadãos brasileiros nos manifestemos contra o Lockdown em movimentos pacíficos nas Ruas das divesas cidades Brasieiras.





SOURCE/LINK: https://www.finersistemas.com/atenaeditora/index.php/admin/api/ebookPDF/3417










SOURCE/LINK: https://youtu.be/9lSmSWx6kjA


SOURCE/LINK: https://gbdeclaration.org/#sign



https://gbdeclaration.org/declaracao-de-great-barrington/





Skip to content



​A Declaração de Great Barrington

Como epidemiologistas de doenças infeciosas e cientistas da saúde pública, temos sérias preocupações sobre os impactos prejudiciais para a saúde física e mental das políticas prevalecentes da COVID-19, e recomendamos uma abordagem a que chamamos Proteção Focalizada.

Viemos tanto da esquerda como da direita, e de todo o mundo, e temos dedicado as nossas carreiras à proteção das pessoas. As atuais políticas de confinamento estão a produzir efeitos devastadores na saúde pública a curto e longo prazo. Os resultados (para citar alguns) incluem taxas mais baixas de vacinação infantil, agravamento dos prognósticos das doenças cardiovasculares, menos exames oncológicos e deterioração da saúde mental – levando a um maior excesso de mortalidade nos próximos anos, com a classe trabalhadora e os membros mais jovens da sociedade a carregar um fardo

mais pesado. Manter os alunos fora da escola é uma grave injustiça.

Manter estas medidas em vigor até que uma vacina esteja disponível causará danos irreparáveis, com os mais desfavorecidos a serem desproporcionadamente prejudicados.

Felizmente, a nossa compreensão do vírus está a crescer. Sabemos que a vulnerabilidade à morte da COVID-19 é mil vezes maior nos idosos e doentes do que nos jovens. De facto, para as crianças, a COVID-19 é menos perigosa do que muitos outras doenças, incluindo a gripe.

À medida que a imunidade se desenvolve na população, o risco de infeção para todos – incluindo os vulneráveis – diminui. Sabemos que todas as populações acabarão por atingir a imunidade de grupo – ou seja, o ponto em que a taxa de novas infeções é estável – e que isto pode ser assistido por (mas não depende de) uma vacina. O nosso objectivo deve ser, portanto, minimizar a mortalidade e os danos sociais até atingirmos a imunidade de grupo.

A abordagem mais compassiva que equilibra os riscos e benefícios de alcançar a imunidade de grupo é permitir que aqueles que estão em risco mínimo de morte vivam normalmente a sua vida para construir imunidade ao vírus através da infeção natural, ao mesmo tempo que protege melhor aqueles que estão em maior risco. Chamamos a isto Proteção Focalizada.

A adoção de medidas para proteger os vulneráveis deve ser o objectivo central das respostas de saúde pública à COVID-19. A título de exemplo, os lares devem utilizar pessoal com imunidade adquirida e realizar testes frequentes a outro pessoal e a todos os visitantes. A rotação do pessoal deve ser minimizada. Os reformados que vivem em casa devem mandar entregar alimentos e outros bens essenciais ao seu domicílio. Quando possível, devem encontrar-se com membros da família no exterior e não no interior. Uma lista abrangente e detalhada de medidas, incluindo abordagens a famílias de várias gerações, pode ser implementada, e está bem dentro do âmbito e da capacidade dos profissionais de saúde pública.

Aqueles que não são vulneráveis devem ser imediatamente autorizados a retomar a vida normal. Medidas simples de higiene, tais como a lavagem das mãos e a permanência em casa quando estão doentes devem ser praticadas por todos para reduzir o limiar de imunidade de grupo. As escolas e universidades devem estar abertas ao ensino presencial. As atividades extracurriculares, como o desporto, devem ser retomadas. Os jovens adultos de baixo risco devem trabalhar normalmente, e não a partir de casa. Restaurantes e outras empresas devem ser abertos. As artes, música, desporto e outras atividades culturais devem ser retomadas. As pessoas que correm maior risco podem participar se o desejarem, enquanto a sociedade como um todo goza da proteção conferida aos vulneráveis por aqueles que acumularam imunidade de grupo.

Dr. Martin Kulldorff, professor de medicina na Universidade, um bioestatístico e epidemiologista especializado em deteção e monitorização de surtos de doenças infeciosas e avaliações de segurança de vacinas.

Dr. Sunetra Gupta, professora na Universidade de Oxford, uma epidemiologista especializada em imunologia, desenvolvimento de vacinas e modelação matemática de doenças infeciosas.

Dr. Jay Bhattacharya, professor na Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Stanford, um médico, epidemiologista, economista da saúde e especialista em políticas de saúde pública focando-se em doenças infeciosas e populações vulneráveis.

assine a declaração

Translation by Marta Gameiro Branco and David Amaral

Official Social Media for Great Barrington Declaration

Facebook

Twitter

Contact: info@gbdeclaration.org

Have questions? Check out the FAQ





Arguments, Great Barrington Declaration





185.268 visualizações

•8 de out. de 2020







6,2 MIL1,6 MILCOMPARTILHARSALVAR












904 mil inscritos



INSCRITO




Great Barrington Declaration https://gbdeclaration.org​ Berkshire County, Massachusetts Grave concerns Damaging physical and mental health impacts of prevailing policies Recommend Focused Protection





​The Great Barrington Declaration

The Great Barrington Declaration – As infectious disease epidemiologists and public health scientists we have grave concerns about the damaging physical and mental health impacts of the prevailing COVID-19 policies, and recommend an approach we call Focused Protection. 

Coming from both the left and right, and around the world, we have devoted our careers to protecting people. Current lockdown policies are producing devastating effects on short and long-term public health. The results (to name a few) include lower childhood vaccination rates, worsening cardiovascular disease outcomes, fewer cancer screenings and deteriorating mental health – leading to greater excess mortality in years to come, with the working class and younger members of society carrying the heaviest burden. Keeping students out of school is a grave injustice. 

Keeping these measures in place until a vaccine is available will cause irreparable damage, with the underprivileged disproportionately harmed.

Fortunately, our understanding of the virus is growing. We know that vulnerability to death from COVID-19 is more than a thousand-fold higher in the old and infirm than the young. Indeed, for children, COVID-19 is less dangerous than many other harms, including influenza. 

As immunity builds in the population, the risk of infection to all – including the vulnerable – falls. We know that all populations will eventually reach herd immunity – i.e.  the point at which the rate of new infections is stable – and that this can be assisted by (but is not dependent upon) a vaccine. Our goal should therefore be to minimize mortality and social harm until we reach herd immunity. 

The most compassionate approach that balances the risks and benefits of reaching herd immunity, is to allow those who are at minimal risk of death to live their lives normally to build up immunity to the virus through natural infection, while better protecting those who are at highest risk. We call this Focused Protection. 

Adopting measures to protect the vulnerable should be the central aim of public health responses to COVID-19. By way of example, nursing homes should use staff with acquired immunity and perform frequent testing of other staff and all visitors. Staff rotation should be minimized. Retired people living at home should have groceries and other essentials delivered to their home. When possible, they should meet family members outside rather than inside. A comprehensive and detailed list of measures, including approaches to multi-generational households, can be implemented, and is well within the scope and capability of public health professionals. 

Those who are not vulnerable should immediately be allowed to resume life as normal. Simple hygiene measures, such as hand washing and staying home when sick should be practiced by everyone to reduce the herd immunity threshold. Schools and universities should be open for in-person teaching. Extracurricular activities, such as sports, should be resumed. Young low-risk adults should work normally, rather than from home. Restaurants and other businesses should open. Arts, music, sport and other cultural activities should resume. People who are more at risk may participate if they wish, while society as a whole enjoys the protection conferred upon the vulnerable by those who have built up herd immunity.

On October 4, 2020, this declaration was authored and signed in Great Barrington, United States, by:



Dr. Martin Kulldorff, professor of medicine at Harvard University, a biostatistician, and epidemiologist with expertise in detecting and monitoring infectious disease outbreaks and vaccine safety evaluations.

Dr. Sunetra Gupta, professor at Oxford University, an epidemiologist with expertise in immunology, vaccine development, and mathematical modeling of infectious diseases.

Dr. Jay Bhattacharya, professor at Stanford University Medical School, a physician, epidemiologist, health economist, and public health policy expert focusing on infectious diseases and vulnerable populations.

Sign the Declaration

​Co-signers

​Medical and Public Health Scientists and Medical Practitioners

Dr. Alexander Walker, principal at World Health Information Science Consultants, former Chair of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, USA

Dr. Andrius Kavaliunas, epidemiologist and assistant professor at Karolinska Institute, Sweden

Dr. Angus Dalgleish, oncologist, infectious disease expert and professor, St. George’s Hospital Medical School, University of London, England

Dr. Anthony J Brookes, professor of genetics, University of Leicester, England

Dr. Annie Janvier, professor of pediatrics and clinical ethics, Université de Montréal and Sainte-Justine University Medical Centre, Canada

Dr. Ariel Munitz, professor of clinical microbiology and immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Dr. Boris Kotchoubey, Institute for Medical Psychology, University of Tübingen, Germany

Dr. Cody Meissner, professor of pediatrics, expert on vaccine development, efficacy, and safety. Tufts University School of Medicine, USA

Dr. David Katz, physician and president, True Health Initiative, and founder of the Yale University Prevention Research Center, USA

Dr. David Livermore, microbiologist, infectious disease epidemiologist and professor, University of East Anglia, England

Dr. Eitan Friedman, professor of medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel

Dr. Ellen Townsend, professor of psychology, head of the Self-Harm Research Group, University of Nottingham, England

Dr. Eyal Shahar, physician, epidemiologist and professor (emeritus) of public health, University of Arizona, USA

Dr. Florian Limbourg, physician and hypertension researcher, professor at Hannover Medical School, Germany

Dr. Gabriela Gomes, mathematician studying infectious disease epidemiology, professor, University of Strathclyde, Scotland

Dr. Gerhard Krönke, physician and professor of translational immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany

Dr. Gesine Weckmann, professor of health education and prevention, Europäische Fachhochschule, Rostock, Germany

Dr. Günter Kampf, associate professor, Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Greifswald University, Germany

Dr. Helen Colhoun, professor of medical informatics and epidemiology, and public health physician, University of Edinburgh, Scotland

Dr. Jonas Ludvigsson, pediatrician, epidemiologist and professor at Karolinska Institute and senior physician at Örebro University Hospital, Sweden

Dr. Karol Sikora, physician, oncologist, and professor of medicine at the University of Buckingham, England

Dr. Laura Lazzeroni, professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences and of biomedical data science, Stanford University Medical School, USA

Dr. Lisa White, professor of modelling and epidemiology, Oxford University, England

Dr. Mario Recker, malaria researcher and associate professor, University of Exeter, England

Dr. Matthew Ratcliffe, professor of philosophy, specializing in philosophy of mental health, University of York, England

Dr. Matthew Strauss, critical care physician and assistant professor of medicine, Queen’s University, Canada

Dr. Michael Jackson, research fellow, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, New Zealand

Dr. Michael Levitt, biophysicist and professor of structural biology, Stanford University, USA.
Recipient of the 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Dr. Mike Hulme, professor of human geography, University of Cambridge, England

Dr. Motti Gerlic, professor of clinical microbiology and immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Dr. Partha P. Majumder, professor and founder of the National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India

Dr. Paul McKeigue, physician, disease modeler and professor of epidemiology and public health, University of Edinburgh, Scotland

Dr. Rajiv Bhatia, physician, epidemiologist and public policy expert at the Veterans Administration, USA

Dr. Rodney Sturdivant, infectious disease scientist and associate professor of biostatistics, Baylor University, USA

Dr. Salmaan Keshavjee, professor of Global Health and Social Medicine at Harvard Medical School, USA

Dr. Simon Thornley, epidemiologist and biostatistician, University of Auckland, New Zealand

Dr. Simon Wood, biostatistician and professor, University of Edinburgh, Scotland

Dr. Stephen Bremner,professor of medical statistics, University of Sussex, England

Dr. Sylvia Fogel, autism provider and psychiatrist at Massachusetts General Hospital and instructor at Harvard Medical School, USA

Tom Nicholson, Associate in Research, Duke Center for International Development, Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, USA

Dr. Udi Qimron, professor of clinical microbiology and immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Dr. Ulrike Kämmerer, professor and expert in virology, immunology and cell biology, University of Würzburg, Germany

Dr. Uri Gavish, biomedical consultant, Israel

Dr. Yaz Gulnur Muradoglu, professor of finance, director of the Behavioural Finance Working Group, Queen Mary University of London, England



​Sign the Declaration





  • Your Name*



  • Prefix First Last

  • Zip / Postal Code & Country*

ZIP / Postal Code

  • Country

  • Signing as a:*

    • Concerned Citizen

    • Medical and Public Health Scientists

    • Medical practitioner

  • Your Email*

Your email address will not be shared.

  • Consent*

I agree to the privacy policy.

Please read the statement before signing. By submitting this form, you agree that your submitted information will be stored and displayed on the website.
The only publicly displayed personal information is name, country and identification / affiliation information (if included).
All other transmitted personal data are protected and will not be passed on. Removal requests from the email used to sign will be completed within 30 days.

Bitte lesen Sie die Erklärung vor der Unterzeichnung. Durch das Absenden dieses Formulars erklären Sie sich damit einverstanden, dass Ihre übermittelten Informationen gespeichert und auf der Website angezeigt werden.
Die einzigen öffentlich angezeigten persönlichen Informationen sind Name, Land und Identifikations- / Zugehörigkeitsinformationen (falls enthalten).
Alle anderen übermittelten personenbezogenen Daten sind geschützt und werden nicht weitergegeben. Entfernungsanfragen aus der zum Signieren verwendeten E-Mail werden innerhalb von 30 Tagen abgeschlossen.









Official Social Media for Great Barrington Declaration

Facebook

Twitter

Contact: info@gbdeclaration.org

Have questions? Check out the FAQ



​A Declaração de Great Barrington

Como epidemiologistas de doenças infeciosas e cientistas da saúde pública, temos sérias preocupações sobre os impactos prejudiciais para a saúde física e mental das políticas prevalecentes da COVID-19, e recomendamos uma abordagem a que chamamos Proteção Focalizada.

Viemos tanto da esquerda como da direita, e de todo o mundo, e temos dedicado as nossas carreiras à proteção das pessoas. As atuais políticas de confinamento estão a produzir efeitos devastadores na saúde pública a curto e longo prazo. Os resultados (para citar alguns) incluem taxas mais baixas de vacinação infantil, agravamento dos prognósticos das doenças cardiovasculares, menos exames oncológicos e deterioração da saúde mental – levando a um maior excesso de mortalidade nos próximos anos, com a classe trabalhadora e os membros mais jovens da sociedade a carregar um fardo

mais pesado. Manter os alunos fora da escola é uma grave injustiça.

Manter estas medidas em vigor até que uma vacina esteja disponível causará danos irreparáveis, com os mais desfavorecidos a serem desproporcionadamente prejudicados.

Felizmente, a nossa compreensão do vírus está a crescer. Sabemos que a vulnerabilidade à morte da COVID-19 é mil vezes maior nos idosos e doentes do que nos jovens. De facto, para as crianças, a COVID-19 é menos perigosa do que muitos outras doenças, incluindo a gripe.

À medida que a imunidade se desenvolve na população, o risco de infeção para todos – incluindo os vulneráveis – diminui. Sabemos que todas as populações acabarão por atingir a imunidade de grupo – ou seja, o ponto em que a taxa de novas infeções é estável – e que isto pode ser assistido por (mas não depende de) uma vacina. O nosso objectivo deve ser, portanto, minimizar a mortalidade e os danos sociais até atingirmos a imunidade de grupo.

A abordagem mais compassiva que equilibra os riscos e benefícios de alcançar a imunidade de grupo é permitir que aqueles que estão em risco mínimo de morte vivam normalmente a sua vida para construir imunidade ao vírus através da infeção natural, ao mesmo tempo que protege melhor aqueles que estão em maior risco. Chamamos a isto Proteção Focalizada.

A adoção de medidas para proteger os vulneráveis deve ser o objectivo central das respostas de saúde pública à COVID-19. A título de exemplo, os lares devem utilizar pessoal com imunidade adquirida e realizar testes frequentes a outro pessoal e a todos os visitantes. A rotação do pessoal deve ser minimizada. Os reformados que vivem em casa devem mandar entregar alimentos e outros bens essenciais ao seu domicílio. Quando possível, devem encontrar-se com membros da família no exterior e não no interior. Uma lista abrangente e detalhada de medidas, incluindo abordagens a famílias de várias gerações, pode ser implementada, e está bem dentro do âmbito e da capacidade dos profissionais de saúde pública.

Aqueles que não são vulneráveis devem ser imediatamente autorizados a retomar a vida normal. Medidas simples de higiene, tais como a lavagem das mãos e a permanência em casa quando estão doentes devem ser praticadas por todos para reduzir o limiar de imunidade de grupo. As escolas e universidades devem estar abertas ao ensino presencial. As atividades extracurriculares, como o desporto, devem ser retomadas. Os jovens adultos de baixo risco devem trabalhar normalmente, e não a partir de casa. Restaurantes e outras empresas devem ser abertos. As artes, música, desporto e outras atividades culturais devem ser retomadas. As pessoas que correm maior risco podem participar se o desejarem, enquanto a sociedade como um todo goza da proteção conferida aos vulneráveis por aqueles que acumularam imunidade de grupo.

Dr. Martin Kulldorff, professor de medicina na Universidade, um bioestatístico e epidemiologista especializado em deteção e monitorização de surtos de doenças infeciosas e avaliações de segurança de vacinas.

Dr. Sunetra Gupta, professora na Universidade de Oxford, uma epidemiologista especializada em imunologia, desenvolvimento de vacinas e modelação matemática de doenças infeciosas.

Dr. Jay Bhattacharya, professor na Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Stanford, um médico, epidemiologista, economista da saúde e especialista em políticas de saúde pública focando-se em doenças infeciosas e populações vulneráveis.

assine a declaração

Translation by Marta Gameiro Branco and David Amaral

Official Social Media for Great Barrington Declaration

Facebook

Twitter

Contact: info@gbdeclaration.org

Have questions? Check out the FAQ

FacebookTwitterLinkedInWhatsApp

Email






THE END